浆细胞肿瘤(多发性骨髓瘤)治疗方案
权威癌症研究机构美国国家癌症研究所 (NCI)对浆细胞肿瘤(多发性骨髓瘤)治疗方案:诱导疗法(硼替佐米、来那度胺)。
诱导疗法(硼替佐米、来那度胺)治疗浆细胞肿瘤(多发性骨髓瘤)医学证据
年轻健康的患者(符合移植条件):
两项随机前瞻性试验已经建立了三药方案(三联疗法),用于对适合移植的年轻患者进行诱导治疗。
一、在一项对 525 名新诊断的骨髓瘤患者进行的前瞻性随机试验中,将 VRd(硼替佐米、来那度胺和地塞米松)与 Rd(来那度胺和地塞米松)进行了比较。 [1]
1.中位随访时间为 55 个月,VRd 组的无进展生存期 (PFS) 优越(中位 PFS,43 个月 vs. 30 个月 [风险比 (HR),0.71;95% 置信区间 (CI),0.56 –0.91;单侧P = .0018])和优越的 OS(中位 OS,75 个月 vs. 64 个月 [HR,0.79;95% CI,0.52-0.97;P = .025])。[1][水平证据:1iiA ]
二、一项针对 682 名 65 岁以上患者的前瞻性随机试验比较了 VMP(硼替佐米、美法仑和强的松)与单独使用美法仑和强的松。[2]
1.中位随访时间为 60 个月,中位 OS 有利于硼替佐米三联疗法:56.4个月 vs 43.1个月(P < .001)。[2][证据级别:1iiA ]
美国 Intergroup 和法国 Inter-Groupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM) 研究选择 VRd 作为其对 700 名 65 岁或以下患者的前瞻性随机试验的诱导治疗,该试验研究了三个周期 VRd 后 ASCT 巩固与复发时间的比较。 [3] 在美国,VRd 已成为与诱导治疗的新组合相比的标准方案。[4] 由于来那度胺在肾功能衰竭的情况下代谢不规律,临床医生通常选择 CyBorD 方案(环磷酰胺、硼替佐米、和地塞米松),[5,6] 但这种选择是经验性的,而不是基于随机试验结果。
在符合移植条件的年轻患者中,预先避免使用美法仑等烷化剂,以防止干细胞毒性以及随后发生血细胞减少、继发性恶性肿瘤或干细胞采集不良的风险。[7] 皮下给予硼替佐米,这有助于避免之前发生的神经病变。静脉给药更严重。[8-9] 硼替佐米在肾功能不全的情况下也是首选。[10] 使用含硼替佐米方案的患者需要预防带状疱疹(通常使用伐昔洛韦或阿昔洛韦)。来那度胺口服给药,可能导致深静脉血栓形成 (DVT) 或肺栓塞的风险增加,需要额外的预防性药物治疗。 [ 11,12] 对于没有 DVT 额外危险因素的患者,阿司匹林(每天 81 毫克)就足够了,但在存在来那度胺(或其他类似的免疫调节剂,如泊马度胺或沙利度胺)的情况下,对于具有多种危险因素的患者,应考虑使用更强的抗凝剂。
参考资料:
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[6]Knop S, Liebisch H, Wandt H, et al.: Bortezomib, IV cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (VelCD) as induction therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of an interim analysis of the German DSMM Xia trial. [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 27 (Suppl 15): A-8516, 2009.
[7]Goldschmidt H, Hegenbart U, Wallmeier M, et al.: Factors influencing collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells following high-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 98 (3): 736-44, 1997.
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[9]Richardson PG, Briemberg H, Jagannath S, et al.: Frequency, characteristics, and reversibility of peripheral neuropathy during treatment of advanced multiple myeloma with bortezomib. J Clin Oncol 24 (19): 3113-20, 2006.
[10]San-Miguel JF, Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, et al.: Efficacy and safety of bortezomib in patients with renal impairment: results from the APEX phase 3 study. Leukemia 22 (4): 842-9, 2008.
[11]Rajkumar SV, Jacobus S, Callander NS, et al.: Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone versus lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 11 (1): 29-37, 2010.
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